1 History. National Hydropower Association. (2019, September 12). https://www.hydro.org/about/history/ 

2 History. National Hydropower Association. (2019, September 12). https://www.hydro.org/about/history/ 

3 Tracing the timeline: 101 years of the federal power act. National Hydropower Association. (2021, June 10). https://www.hydro.org/powerhouse/article/tracing-the-timeline-101-years-of-the-federal-power-act/

4 Lee, G. (2023). The Big Dam Era. Energy History. https://energyhistory.yale.edu/the-big-dam-era/

5 The History of Hydropower Development in the United States. Hydropower Program | Bureau of Reclamation. (2024). https://www.usbr.gov/power/edu/history.html 

6 History of hydropower. U.S. Department of Energy. (2025, January 16). https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/history-hydropower 

7 The History of Hydropower Development in the United States. Hydropower Program | Bureau of Reclamation. (2024). https://www.usbr.gov/power/edu/history.html

8 History of hydropower. U.S. Department of Energy. (2025, January 16). https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/history-hydropower

9 The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC): Authorities and Membership. Congress.gov. (n.d.). https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48349

10 Electric Consumers Protection Act (ECPA). USLegal. (n.d.). https://energylaw.uslegal.com/government-regulation-and-programs/ecpa/

11 U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). Elwha River Restoration. National Parks Service. https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/nature/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm

12 Rutz, R. (1992). Relicensing the Skagit Project: The City of Seattle’s Approach. The George Wright Forum, 9(2), 10–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43597269

13 25th anniversary celebration: Low impact hydropower. Low Impact Hydropower Institute . (2025, September 2). https://lowimpacthydro.org/25years/

14 Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making, Overview of the report by the World Commission on Dams. World Commission on Dams. (2001 December). Dams

15 Energy independence act (EIA). Washington State Department of Commerce. (2025, July 2). https://www.commerce.wa.gov/energy-policy/electricity-policy/eia/

16 Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol. Hydropower Sustainability Alliance. (n.d.-a). https://www.hs-alliance.org/hsap-tool

17 An Assessment of Energy  Potential at Non-Powered Dams  in the United States. US Department of Energy| Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. (2010). https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/npd_report_0.pdf

18 Nonpowered dams can be converted to hydroelectric dams for electricity generation – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2019). https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=39552

19 SKQ-history . Energy Keepers, Inc. (2023, November 6). https://energykeepersinc.com/history/

20 Uncommon dialogue: Hydropower, River Restoration, and public safety. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (n.d.). https://woods.stanford.edu/research/hydropower-home 

21 Hydropower sustainability standard: Global certification. Hydropower Sustainability Alliance. (n.d.). https://www.hs-alliance.org/hs-standard 

22 Salmon summit inspires downstream hydropower workforce. Energy.gov. (2024, March 14). https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/articles/salmon-summit-inspires-downstream-hydropower-workforce 

23 Rutz, R. (1992). Relicensing the Skagit Project: The City of Seattle’s Approach. The George Wright Forum, 9(2), 10–18. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43597269

24 Opperman, J. J., Harrison, D. L., & The Nature Conservancy. (2008). Pursuing Sustainability and Finding Profits:  Integrated Planning at the System Level . HydroVision . https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Opperman%20and%20Harrison%202008%20Sustainable%20Hydropower.pdf 

25 SKQ-history . Energy Keepers, Inc. (2023, November 6). https://energykeepersinc.com/history/

26 Ela Dam Removal Project. American Rivers. (2023, March 8). https://www.americanrivers.org/ela-dam-removal-project/

27 American Rivers Report: 2024 tied for most ever dams removed in us, underscoring momentum for River Restoration. American Rivers. (2025). https://www.americanrivers.org/media-item/american-rivers-report-2024-tied-for-most-ever-dams-removed-in-us-underscoring-momentum-for-river-restoration/

28 Uncommon dialogue: Hydropower, River Restoration, and public safety. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (n.d.). https://woods.stanford.edu/research/hydropower-home 

29 Executive Summary U.S. Hydropower: Climate Solution Conservation Challenge. Standford University Uncommon Dialogue. (2020, October 13). hydropower_uncommon_dialogue_joint_statement_1_0.pdf

30 Working Groups. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (n.d.-b). https://woods.stanford.edu/research/hydropower/hydropower-ucd-working-groups

31 Resources. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (n.d.-a). https://woods.stanford.edu/research/hydropower/hydropower-ucd-resources

32 Summary of WG6 Federal Power Act Amendments Package. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (2022, April 4). summary_-_licensing_relicensing_license_surrender_proposed_revisions_to_the_federal_power_act_1.pdf

33 Floating solar + hydropower hybrid projects can benefit both technologies. Solar Power World. (2020, May 28). https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2020/05/floating-solar-hydropower-hybrid-projects-can-benefit-both-technologies/?utm_source

34 Hydrogen facility. Douglas County PUD. (2025, June 20). https://douglaspud.org/about-us/hydrogen-facility/

35 Work to date. Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (n.d.-c). https://woods.stanford.edu/research/hydropower/hydropower-ucd-work-to-date

36 Hydropower making sustainability gains with fish-safe turbines. Power Engineering International. (2023, November 16). https://www.powerengineeringint.com/renewables/hydroelectric/fish-safe-turbines-turning-hydropower-into-an-environmental-leader/

37 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (2023, January 31). Hydropower flexibility valuation tool for flow requirement evaluation. PNNL. https://www.pnnl.gov/publications/hydropower-flexibility-valuation-tool-flow-requirement-evaluation

38 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (n.d.). Torch: Training, outreach, and recruitment for cybersecurity in Hydropower. PNNL. https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/torch-training-outreach-and-recruitment-cybersecurity-hydropower

39 Cat Creek Energy, LLC; Notice of Preliminary Permit Application Accepted for Filing and Soliciting Comments, Motions To Intervene, and Competing Applications. Federal Register| The Daily Journal of the United States Government. (2023). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/07/11/2023-14610/cat-creek-energy-llc-notice-of-preliminary-permit-application-accepted-for-filing-and-soliciting 

40 Alexander, K. (2025). One of California’s biggest reservoirs is about to  expand — if it can clear a major hurdle. San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.friendsoftheriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/2025-2-7-Shasta-Dam-raise-referenced-fact-sheet.pdf

41 Corps works to restore Cumberland River basin flood storage, reduce risk. America’s Engineers. (2025, February 17). https://americas-engineers.com/corps-works-to-restore-cumberland-river-basin-flood-storage/

42 About. Global Renewables Alliance. (2025, September 3). https://globalrenewablesalliance.org/about/

43 Historic Agreement Unites Diverse Stakeholders to Revolutionize Large-Scale U.S.  Solar Development . Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. (2023). https://woodsinstitute.stanford.edu/system/files/publications/Solar_Uncommon_Dialogue_Press_Release.pdf/

44 Brookfield and Google Sign Hydro Framework Agreement to deliver up to 3,000 MW of homegrown energy in the United States. Brookfield Asset Management (BAM). (2025, July 15). https://bam.brookfield.com/press-releases/brookfield-and-google-sign-hydro-framework-agreement-deliver-3000-mw-homegrown